Impact of Complete Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction in Upper Limbs Strength and Neural Function.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the chronic effects of low-load strength training (LT) with complete intermittent blood flow restriction (IBFR) on neural adaptations and strength in biceps brachii. Methods: Nineteen volunteers were randomly assigned into two different 9-week training protocols consisting of three assessment weeks and six training weeks: (a) LT with complete IBFR (LT-IBFR; n = 10) and (b) LT without complete IBFR (LT; n = 9). Strength was evaluated by predicted 1 repetition maximum (1RM) at weeks 1, 5, and 9 and neural function by root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MDF) at sessions 1, 7, and 12 during the first three and last three repetitions. Both groups performed three sets of Scott curl with 20% of predicted 1RM interspersed with 90s rest twice a week. Results: No changes were found in predicted 1RM throughout the training protocols nor between groups. LT-IBFR group showed lower RMS in the first set than LT for the first three repetitions and higher RMS in all sets for the last three repetitions with decreases in this value across the sets with no longitudinal changes for both groups. MDF in the first three repetitions did not differentiate between groups, however, in the last three repetitions, MDF were lower for LTIBFR group in all sets and it increased across the sets for this condition with no chronical changes for both groups in both repetitions zones. These results suggest that LT-IBFR may be ineffective for increasing Q5 strength and it did not promote chronic neural adaptations.

Serum Hormone Concentrations and Body Composition in Brazilian Air Force Cadets During Rainforest Survival Training.

BACKGROUND: Physiological adaptations in military jungle survival training have not yet been studied. Knowledge about the relationship between the insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I)/insulin-like growth factor binding protein type 3 (IGFBP-3) system and survival activities in a jungle environment can improve readiness and prepare Brazilian Air Force cadets for this kind of battlefield. Our goal was to assess changes in body composition and serum concentrations of the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 system in Brazilian Air Force cadets during five-day Amazon rainforest survival training and whether differences in sex influence these variations. METHODS: In the five-day survival training, variations in body composition and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed. The sample consisted of 14 male cadets (21.71 ± 1.64 years) and 6 female cadets (22.00 ± 1.41 years). Changes were assessed before and immediately after the survival training. RESULTS: The male cadets' body mass (pre: 73.89 ± 8.79 kg; post: 69.57 ± 8.44 kg), body fat (pre: 11.43 ± 4.15%; post: 10.16 ± 4.19%), IGF-I serum concentrations (pre: 252 ± 72 ng/mL; post: 140 ± 42 ng/mL), and IGFBP-3 serum concentrations (pre: 4.90 ± 0.67 ng/mL; post: 4.22 ± 0.73 ng/mL) were significantly reduced (P < .01). In the female cadets, the mean body mass values (pre: 60.98 ± 8.82 kg; post: 57.91 ± 9.01 kg), body fat (pre: 19.20 ± 5.03%; post: 17.19 ± 4.77%), and IGF-I serum concentrations (pre: 202 ± 50 ng/mL; post: 108 ± 29 ng/mL) also decreased significantly (P < .01) after survival training. Finally, the cadet's sex does not affect the variations of IGF-I (P = .46) and IGFBP-3 (P = .205) serum concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These findings all suggest that changes in body mass and body fat, as well as variations in the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 system, corroborate the need for military readiness preparation. Equivalent changes in both sexes indicate probable equal recovery intervals after survival training.

A Bowling Exergame to Improve Functional Capacity in Older Adults: Co-Design, Development, and Testing to Compare the Progress of Playing Alone Versus Playing With Peers.

BACKGROUND: Older people often do not meet the recommended levels of exercise required to reduce functional decline. Social interaction is mentioned by this cohort as a reason for joining group-based exercises, which does not occur when exercising alone. This perspective shows that exergames can be used as motivational resources. However, most available exergames are generic, obtained from commercial sources, and usually not specifically designed or adapted for older people. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aim to co-design and develop a new exergame alongside older participants to (1) tailor the game mechanics and optimize participants' adherence to and enjoyment of exercise; (2) test the participants' functional capacity, motivation, and adherence to the exergaming program; and (3) compare these scores between those who played alone and those who played with peers. METHODS: We conducted a co-design process to develop a new exergame adapted to older people. For user testing, 23 participants were divided into 2 groups to play individually (alone group) or to compete in pairs (with peers group). They played the game twice a week, resulting in 21 exergaming sessions. We assessed the participants' General Physical Fitness Index (GPFI) before and after the user testing. We also administered questionnaires about the gaming experience and exercise adherence with its motivators and barriers. RESULTS: We introduced a new bowling exergame for Xbox with a Kinect motion sensor that can be played in single or multiplayer mode. For the GPFI measurements, the sample was homogeneous in the pretest (with peers group: mean 40.5 [SD 9.6], alone group: mean 33.9 [SD 7.8]; P=.11). After the exergame testing sessions, both groups had significant gains (with peers group: mean 57.5 [SD 8.7], P=.005; alone group: mean 44.7 [SD 10.6]; P=.02). Comparing the posttest between groups, it was found that the group in which participants played with peers had better outcomes than the group in which participants played alone (P=.02). Regarding the gaming experience and exercise adherence, both groups recognized the benefits and expressed enthusiasm toward the exergame. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the developed exergame helps in improving the functional capacity and adherence to physical exercise among older people, with even better results for those who played with peers. In addition to leading to more appropriate products, a co-design approach may positively influence the motivation and adherence of participants.

Avaliação de serious game em programa de enfrentamento da obesidade infantil / Evaluación de serious game en programa de combate a la obesidad infantil / Serious game assessment in a child obesity tackling program

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar um serious game enquanto estratégia educativa para crianças em um programa de enfrentamento de sobrepeso e obesidade. Métodos Pesquisa metodológica, com abordagem quantitativa e de corte transversal. Participaram do estudo as crianças pertencentes a um programa de condicionamento físico com games interativos para crianças obesas e/ou sobrepeso (n=13). Foi feito o perfil dos participantes por meio de dados antropométricos, questionários sobre seus hábitos alimentares e de atividade física. Posteriormente, o serious game DigesTower foi apresentado como uma estratégia adicional ao programa e realizada a avaliação do jogo pelo público-alvo. Resultados Participaram crianças de sete a 11 anos com sobrepeso e obesidade. O DigesTower foi bem recebido pelos participantes, que afirmaram ter imersão, motivação e estímulo para melhoria do seu conhecimento. A versão final do jogo foi desenvolvida e disponibilizada online de forma gratuita e pública. Conclusão O estudo buscou incentivar o uso de ferramentas inovadoras para auxiliar como intervenções educativas no âmbito da obesidade infantil e o serious game foi avaliado como uma potencial estratégia educativa para crianças. Almeja-se que este estudo inspire futuras pesquisas em que seus objetos de estudo sejam o desenvolvimento de jogos digitais para o público infantil.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar un serious game como estrategia educativa para niños en un programa de combate al sobrepeso y a la obesidad. Métodos Investigación metodológica, con enfoque cuantitativo y de corte transversal. Participaron en el estudio niños que forman parte de un programa de acondicionamiento físico con games interactivos para niños obesos o con sobrepeso (n=13). El perfil de los participantes fue elaborado mediante datos antropométricos, cuestionarios sobre sus hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física. Luego se presentó el serious game DigesTower como una estrategia adicional del programa, y el público destinatario realizó la evaluación del juego. Resultados Participaron niños de 7 a 11 años con sobrepeso y obesidad. El DigesTower fue bien recibido por los participantes, que afirmaron tener inmersión, motivación y estímulo para mejorar sus conocimientos. La versión final del juego fue desarrollada y se puso a disposición en línea de forma gratuita y pública. Conclusión El estudio buscó incentivar el uso de herramientas innovadoras para ayudar con intervenciones educativas en el ámbito de la obesidad infantil, y el serious game fue evaluado como una posible estrategia educativa para niños. Se espera que este estudio inspire futuras investigaciones que tengan como objeto de estudio el desarrollo de juegos digitales para el público infantil.

Abstract Objective To assess a serious game as an educational strategy for children in a program to tackle overweight and obesity. Methods This is methodological, quantitative and cross-sectional research. Children from a physical conditioning program with interactive games for obese and/or overweight children participated in the study (n=13). Participants' profile was made through anthropometric data, questionnaires about their eating habits and physical activity. Subsequently, the serious game DigesTower was presented as an additional strategy to the program and the game was assessed by the target audience. Results Children aged seven to 11 years with overweight and obesity participated. DigesTower was well received by the participants, who claimed to have immersion, motivation and encouragement to improve their knowledge. The final version of the game was developed and made available online for free and publicly Conclusion The study sought to encourage the use of innovative tools to assist as educational interventions in the field of childhood obesity and the serious game was assessed as a potential educational strategy for children. It is hoped that this study will inspire future research in which its objects of study are the development of digital games for children.

Long distance training associated to HIIT protocol does not induce changes in blood biochemical markers in adult marathoners

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify blood markers during a 12-week training protocol and after Sao Paulo Marathon. Methods: Blood samples of 9 male marathoners were collected before (C1) and after (C2) 12-week training protocol, before (C3) and after (C4) marathon. Muscle and liver damage markers (creatine kinase [CK-MM], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), oxidative stress levels (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and serum iron concentration were measured. Results: changes were identified comparing moment C4 to other moments for CK-MM and iron. For AST, ALT, and TBARS no differences were identified. Conclusion: strenuous exercises might elicit changes on blood markers, needing follow up strategies to avoid impairments to athletes' performance and health.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar marcadores sanguíneos durante 12 semanas de treinamento e após a Maratona de São Paulo. Metodologia: amostras de sangue de 9 maratonistas foram coletadas antes (C1) e após (C2) o treinamento de 12 semanas, antes (C3) e após (C4) a maratona. Marcadores sanguíneos e hepáticos (creatina quinase [CK-MM], aspartato aminotransf. [AST], alanina aminotransf. [ALT]), níveis de estresse oxidativo (subst. reativas ácido tiobarbitúrico [TBARS]) e ferro sérico foram analisados. Resultados: Verificaram-se alterações de CK-MM e ferro entre C4 e os outros momentos. Para AST, ALT e TBARS não se encontrou diferenças. Conclusão: exercícios exaustivos podem causar alterações em marcadores sanguíneos, requerendo estratégias de monitoramento para evitar danos ao desempenho e saúde do atleta.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar marcadores sanguíneos durante 12 semanas de entrenamiento y después del Maratón de São Paulo. Metodología: muestras de sangre de 9 maratonistas fueron recogidas antes (C1) y después (C2) el entrenamiento, y antes (C3) y después (C4) a maratón. Se analizaron marcadores sanguíneos y hepáticos (creatina quinasa [CK-MM], aspartato aminotransf. [AST], alanina aminotransf. [ALT]), estrés oxidativo (sustancias reactivas del ácido tiobarbitúrico [TBARS]) y de hierro. Resultados: Se encontraron cambios comparando C4 y otros momentos para CK-MM y hierro. Para AST, ALT y TBARS no se encontraron diferencias. Conclusión: ejercicios extenuantes pueden causar cambios en marcadores sanguíneos, requiriendo estrategias de monitoreo para evitar daños al desempeño y salud del atleta.

Combined training is the most effective training modality to improve aerobic capacity and blood pressure control in people requiring haemodialysis for end-stage renal disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis.

QUESTIONS: Do aerobic, resistance and combined exercise training improve aerobic capacity, arterial blood pressure and haemodialysis efficiency in people requiring haemodialysis for end-stage renal disease? Is one exercise training modality better than the others for improving these outcomes? DESIGN: Systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomised trials. PARTICIPANTS: Adults requiring haemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. INTERVENTION: Aerobic training, resistance training, combined training and control (no exercise or placebo). OUTCOME MEASURES: Aerobic capacity, arterial blood pressure at rest, and haemodialysis efficiency. RESULTS: Thirty-three trials involving 1254 participants were included. Direct meta-analyses were conducted first. Aerobic capacity improved significantly more with aerobic training (3.35 ml/kg/min, 95% CI 1.79 to 4.91) and combined training (5.00 ml/kg/min, 95% CI 3.50 to 6.50) than with control. Only combined training significantly reduced systolic (-9 mmHg, 95% CI -13 to -4) and diastolic (-5 mmHg, 95% CI -6 to -3) blood pressure compared to control. Only aerobic training was superior to control for haemodialysis efficiency (Kt/V 0.11, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.20). However, when network meta-analysis was conducted, there were some important different findings. Both aerobic training and combined training again elicited greater improvements in aerobic capacity than control. For systolic blood pressure, combined training was superior to control. For diastolic blood pressure, combined training was superior to aerobic training and control. No modality was superior to control for haemodialysis efficiency. Combined training was ranked as the most effective treatment for aerobic capacity and arterial blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Combined training was the most effective modality to increase aerobic capacity and blood pressure control in people who require haemodialysis. This finding helps to fill the gap created by the lack of head-to-head comparisons of different modalities of exercise in people with end-stage renal disease. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42015020531.

IGF-1R mRNA expression is increased in obese children.

OBJECTIVES: Obese children are often taller than age-matched subjects. Reports on GH and IGF-I levels in obese individuals are controversial, with normal and reduced GH-IGF-I levels having been reported in this group of patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-IR) mRNA expression in obese children. METHODS: Forty-seven pre-pubertal children were included in this study: 29 were obese and taller than their target height, and 18 were normal eutrophic controls. Fasting blood samples were collected for IGF-IR mRNA expression in isolated lymphocytes and serum IGF-I, ALS, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-1 concentration analysis. RESULTS: Relative IGF-IR gene expression (2-ΔΔCT) was significantly (P=0.025) higher in obese children (median 1.87) than in controls (1.15). Fourteen of the 29 obese subjects showed 2-ΔΔCT values greater than or equal to 2, while only 2 individuals in the control group showed values above 2 (P=0.01). Obese children showed significantly (P=0.01) higher IGF-I concentrations than the control group (237ng/ml and 144ng/ml, respectively). Among obese patients, 65.5% had IGF-I values above the 75 percentile of the control group (P=0.02). ALS concentration was significantly (P=0.04) higher in the obese group, while IGFBP-3 levels were similar in obese and control children. IGFBP-1 concentration was lower in obese children, while insulin levels and HOMA-IR index were higher than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: The higher IGF-IR mRNA expression observed in obese children, associated with the higher IGF-I and ALS and the lower IGFBP-1 levels, suggest that the higher stature observed in these children may be due to increased IGF-I bioactivity.

Peak torque and muscle balance in the knees of young U-15 and U-17 soccer athletes playing various tactical positions.

BACKGROUND: Soccer is a sport that is practiced worldwide and has been investigated in its various aspects, particularly muscle strength, which is an essential motor skill for sports performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the peak torque and muscle balance on the knee extensor and flexor of young soccer players in the tactical positions of goalkeeper, defender, full back, midfielder, defensive midfielder and striker, as well as to determine which field position has the highest peak torque. METHODS: Forty-nine male players were recruited and divided into two categories during the preparatory period of the season: the Under-15 (U-15) group (N.=23, mean age 14.7±0.5 years, body mass 58.2±10.5 kg, body height 168.5±7.6 cm), and the Under-17 (U-17) group (N.=26, mean age 16.8±0.4 years, body mass 69.2±7.9 kg, body height 176.2±6.6 cm). RESULTS: The U-17 athletes presented a higher peak torque in all the movements of flexion and extension in the two angular velocities (i.e. 60°/s and 300°/s), but only the dominant knee extensor at 300°/s was significantly different between the two categories as well as the percentage change in peak torque compared between U-15 and U-17 was always above 20%. The peak torque variation in the U-17 category (i.e. mostly above 20%) highlights a higher peak torque compared to U-15 athletes. CONCLUSIONS: The muscular deficit of the two categories presented a low average of 10-15%, indicating a good muscle balance between knee extensors and flexors. Finally, goalkeepers and defenders achieved the highest peak torque amongst the field positions.

Efeitos do treinamento combinado sobre a força, resistência e potência aeróbica em idosas / Effects of combined training on the strength, endurance and aerobic power in the elderly women / Efectos del entrenamiento combinado sobre la fuerza, resistencia y la potencia aeróbica en mujeres mayores

RESUMO Introdução: O envelhecimento traz várias modificações, entre as quais o declínio progressivo das funções fisiológicas do organismo. Tanto o treino de força quanto um programa de resistência aeróbica são importantes para evitar o declínio funcional associado à idade. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento combinado de força e resistência aeróbica sobre a força de preensão manual, a massa muscular, a resistência e potência aeróbica de idosas. Métodos: Trinta e cinco mulheres (65,7 ± 6,68 anos) foram divididas em três grupos: treinamento combinado (TC; n = 15), treinamento de força (TF; n = 10) e treinamento aeróbico (TA; n = 10). Cada grupo treinou duas vezes por semana durante oito semanas, sendo que o grupo TC teve treinamento de força e aeróbico uma vez por semana. Foi utilizado o teste estatístico ANOVA e t de Student, com p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Foi possível verificar melhoras significativas (p ≤ 0,05) dos valores de VO2pico no momento da determinação do limiar anaeróbico e aumento na força de preensão manual em todos os grupos pesquisados, assim como dos valores de massa muscular do vasto lateral (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que um programa de treinamento combinado é tão eficaz para ocasionar aumentos de massa muscular, potência e resistência aeróbica de idosas, quanto o treinamento de resistência aeróbica ou força realizado duas vezes por semana, organizados separadamente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aging brings several modifications, including the progressive decline of physiological functions of the body. Both strength training and an aerobic endurance program are important to avoid functional decline associated with age. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a combined training program of strength and endurance on handgrip strength, muscle mass, endurance and aerobic power of elderly women. Methods: Thirty-five women (65.7±6.68 years) were divided into three groups: combined training (CT, n=15), strength training (ST, n=10) and aerobic training (AT, n=10). Each group trained twice a week during eight weeks, and the CT group had strength and aerobic training once a week. We used the ANOVA statistical test and the Student's t test, with p≤0.05. Results: It was possible to observe significant improvements (p≤0.05) for VO2max values when determining the anaerobic threshold and increase grip strength in all groups studied, as well as the muscle mass of the vastus lateralis (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that a combined training program is as much effective to cause increases of muscle mass, strength, and aerobic endurance in elderly women as aerobic endurance or strength training performed twice a week, arranged separately.

RESUMEN Introducción: El envejecimiento trae diversas modificaciones, incluyendo la disminución progresiva de las funciones fisiológicas del organismo. Tanto el entrenamiento de fuerza como un programa de resistencia aeróbica son importantes para prevenir el deterioro funcional asociado a la edad. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento combinado de fuerza y resistencia aeróbica en la fuerza de prensión manual, la masa muscular, la fuerza y la potencia aeróbica de mujeres mayores. Métodos: Treinta y cinco mujeres (65,7 ± 6,68 años) se dividieron en tres grupos: entrenamiento combinado (EC, n = 15), entrenamiento de fuerza (EF, n = 10) y entrenamiento aeróbico (EA, n = 10). Cada grupo ha entrenado dos veces por semana durante ocho semanas, y el grupo de EC ha tenido entrenamiento de fuerza y aeróbico una vez a la semana. Se utilizó el ANOVA y la prueba t de Student, con p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Fue posible observar mejoras significativas (p ≤ 0,05) de los valores de VO2pico en el momento de la determinación del umbral anaeróbico y el aumento de la fuerza de prensión manual en todos los grupos estudiados, así como los valores de masa muscular del vasto lateral (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que un programa de entrenamiento combinado es tan efectivo para ocasionar aumento de la masa muscular, la fuerza y resistencia aeróbica de mujeres mayores, como el entrenamiento de resistencia aeróbica o fuerza realizado dos veces por semana, dispuestos por separado.

Efeitos do treinamento e de uma prova de triathlon em indicadores de lesão muscular e inflamação / Effects of the training season and a half-ironman in muscle damage and inflammation indicators / Efectos del entrenamiento y una prueba de triatlón en los indicadores de lesiones musculares e inflamación

Resumo Com o objetivo de verificar a dinâmica de marcadores de lesões musculares e da resposta inflamatória aguda produzidas pelo treinamento e por uma prova de meio ironman em atletas de triathlon durante 12 semanas de treinamento, no presente estudo foram avaliadas as alterações musculares e inflamatórias produzidas pelo treinamento e por um meio-ironman em 12 atletas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no início do programa de treinamento (M-1), após 10 semanas de preparação (M-2) e após a competição (M-3). Foram avaliadas as atividades da creatina quinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), concentração de IL-6, IL-10, proteína C reativa (PCR) e cortisol (C). Foram detectados aumentos em M-3 para a CK (M-1 = 22,25 ± 36,08 UI/L, M-2 = 20,80 ± 42,82 e M-3 = 234,5 ± 135,59 UI/L), LDH (41,71 ± 18,98 U/L, 19,87 ± 16,17 e 191 ± 102,47), PCR (8,42 ± 4,13 mg/L, 5,77 ± 3,54 e 7,62 ± 4,87), IL-6 (77,09 ± 27,86 pg/mL, 93,39 ± 65,2 e 228,48 ± 97,61), IL-10 (88,49 ± 26,36 pg/mL, 89,56 ± 37,99 e 193,31 ± 92,77) e C (14,6 ± 5,92 µg/mL, 23,96 ± 6,44 e 37,47 ± 3,58). A partir desses resultados, conclui-se que os atletas apresentaram aumento dos indicadores de lesões musculares e inflamação apenas após a competição, o que ilustra o efeito agudo dessa prova sobre o organismo desses atletas.

Abstract Aiming to verify the muscle damage and acute inflammatory indicators produced by training and a half-ironman competition in triahlon athletes during twelve weeks of training, we investigated possible muscle changes and inflammatory responses due to the triathlon training and competition in 12 athletes. Blood samples were collected in the beginning of the training (M-1), after 10 weeks of training (M-2) and after the competition (M-3). The activity of CK, LDH, concentration of IL-6, IL-10, C Reactive Protein (PCR) and Cortisol (C) were studied. Changes in CK (M-1= 22,25 ± 36,08 UI/L, M-2= 20,80 ± 42,82 and M-3= 234,5 ± 135,59 UI/L), LDH (41,71 ± 18,98 U/L, 19,87 ± 16,17 and 191 ± 102,47), PCR (8,42 ± 4,13 mg/L, 5,77 ± 3,54 and 7,62 ± 4,87), IL-6 (77,09 ± 27,86 pg/mL, 93,39 ± 65,2 and 228,48 ± 97,61), IL-10 (88,49 ± 26,36 pg/mL, 89,56 ± 37,99 and 193,31 ± 92,77) and C (14,6 ± 5,92 µg/mL, 23,96 ± 6,44 e 37,47 ± 3,58) were found in M-3. From these results, it is possible to conclude that the athletes showed a significant increase of muscle damage and inflammation indicators just after the competition, ilustrating the acute effects of the half-ironman on the organism of these athletes.

Resumen Con el fin de verificar los marcadores dinámicos de lesión muscular y la respuesta inflamatoria aguda producida por el entrenamiento y una prueba de medio ironman en atletas de triatlón durante 12 semanas de formación, hubo cambios inflamatorios y musculares producidos por el entrenamiento y medio ironman en 12 atletas. Las muestras de sangre se recogieron al comienzo de la sesión de entrenamiento (M-1), después de 10 semanas de preparación (M-2) y después de la competición (M-3). Se estudiaron las actividades de creatina-cinas (CK), lactato-deshidrogenasa (LDH), la concentración de interleucina 6 y 10 (IL-6 e IL-10), proteína C-reactiva (PCR) y cortisol (C). Se revelaron cambios en M-3 de la CK (M-1 = 22,25 ± 36,08 UI/l, M-2 = 20,80 ± 42,82 y M-3 = 234,5 ± 135,59 UI/l), LDH (41,71 ± 18,98 U/l, y 19,87 ± 16,17 y 191 ± 102,47), PCR (8,42 ± 4,13 mg/l, 5,77 ± 3,54 y 7,62 ± 4,87), IL-6 (77,09 ± 27,86 pg/ml, 93,39 ± 65,2 y 228,48 ± 97,61), IL-10 (88,49 ± 26,36 pg/ml, 89,56 ± 37,99 y 193,31 ± 92,77) y C (14,6 ± 5,92 mg/ml, 23,96 ± 6,44 y 37,47 ± 3,58). A partir de estos resultados se concluye que los indicadores mostraron aumento de la inflamación y lesiones musculares justo después de la competición, lo que ilustra los efectos agudos de esta prueba sobre el organismo de estos atletas.

Effects of 22 weeks of training on functional markers and match performance of young soccer players

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of 22 weeks of training on functional markers and match performance through the use of earned points in competition. Twenty male soccer players were submitted to the same group of tests in four moments of the periodization: before the preparatory stage (T0); after the preparatory stage (T1); after the competitive stage I (T2); after the competitive stage II (T3). The functional markers were measured using the vertical and horizontal jump, T-40; Shuttle Run Test and RAST. The match performance was obtained by earned points in competition. An increase were found for all the variables analyzed for functional markers when T0 was compared with T3. In relation to the match performance, the team obtained 83.33% success in competitive stages. It is possible to conclude that training plan was efficient to improve technical-tactical skills and physical fitness of the studied athletes

Respostas agudas da pressão arterial após sessões de treinamento resistido / Acute blood pressure responses to resistance training sessions

Atualmente há um crescente interesse em investigar os efeitos agudos provocados pelos exercícios resistidos sobre a pressão arterial (PA). No entanto, os resultados disponíveis na literatura apresentam resultados controversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos provocados pelos exercícios resistidos nas respostas da PA, pós-exercício, utilizando diferentes intensidades de treinamento. Durante três dias, nove sujeitos do sexo masculino, normotensos, passaram por uma bateria de testes e medidas. Em um primeiro momento foram realizadas as medidas antropométricas e foi feito o teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM). No segundo dia foram verificadas as respostas de PA após uma sessão de exercícios resistidos a 40% de 1RM, realizadas com 3 séries de 20 repetições. No terceiro dia uma última verificação foi realizada após uma sessão de exercícios resistidos executados a 80% de 1RM, com 3 séries de 10 repetições. Após o término de cada sessão, a PA foi registrada nos minutos 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 e 65. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se ANOVA para medidas repetidas, sendo considerado como significância estatística p ≤ 0,05. Em ambas as sessões de treinamento os valores da PA sistólica (PAS) e PA diastólica (PAD) verificadas após o término dos exercícios permaneceram inalterados. Desse modo, no presente estudo, os exercícios resistidos não provocaram um efeito hipotensivo pós-exercício, bem como a intensidade do exercício não interferiu no comportamento da PAS e da PAD.

There is growing interest to investigate the acute effects of resistance exercise on blood pressure (BP). However, the results reported in the literature are controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise on post-exercise BP responses using different training intensities. Nine normotensive men underwent a battery of exercise tests and measurements over a period of 3 days. On the first day, anthropometric measurements were obtained and the subjects underwent one repetition maximum (1RM) testing. On the second day, BP responses were evaluated after a session of resistance exercise at 40% of 1RM, which consisted of three series of 20 repetitions. On the third day, BP responses were again evaluated after a session of resistance exercise at 80% of 1RM, which consisted of three series of 10 repetitions. BP was measured 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 min after the end of each session. ANOVA for repeated measures was used for analysis of the data, with p ≤ 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Systolic and diastolic BP remained unchanged after the end of exercise in the two training sessions. In conclusion, in the present study resistance exercise did not cause post-exercise hypotension and the intensity of exercise did not interfere with the systolic or diastolic BP response.

Respostas fisiológicas ao exercício físico em atletas cadeirantes com lesão medular / Physiological responses to exercise in wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury

Introdução: Atletas com lesão medular apresentam redução da sua capacidade aeróbia global, em comparação com indivíduos não portadores de deficiência. Porém, seu treinamento tem sido realizado igual ao de um atleta sadio, desconsiderando suas particularidades. Objetivo: Identificar o que tem sido relatado pela literatura nos últimos anos envolvendo a capacidade aeróbia de atletas cadeirantes com lesão medular. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática por meio de busca de artigos originais em inglês publicados e indexados na base de dados PubMed. Resultados: Foram encontrados 44 artigos originais, e destes, apenas 17 se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão desta pesquisa. Conclusão: O nível da lesão e o grau de mobilidade afetaram diretamente a capacidade aeróbia dos esportistas. Atletas cadeirantes apresentaram VO2 pico e potência aeróbia semelhantes a dos atletas saudáveis, e FCmáx maior. Atletas cadeirantes de modalidades esportivas de esforço contínuo exibiram melhor capacidade aeróbia que atletas de esforços intermitentes.

Introduction: Athletes with spinal cord injury have overall aerobic capacity reduced, compared with non-disabled individuals. However, their training has been conducted the same way as a healthy athlete, disregarding their peculiarities. Objective: To identify what has been reported in the literature in recent years involving the aerobic capacity of wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injury. Methods: A systematic review by searching for original articles published in English and indexed in the PubMed database was performed. Results: Forty-four original articles were found and of these only 17 met our criteria for inclusion and exclusion of this research. Conclusion: The lesion level and the mobility degree directly affect the aerobic capacity of these athletes. Wheelchair athletes have VO2peak and aerobic power similar to healthy athletes, and higher HRmax. Wheelchair athletes in sports that require continuous effort exhibited better aerobic capacity than athletes in sports requiring only intermittent effort.

Ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento dos elementos técnico-táticos defensivos individuais do handebol nas categorias infantil, cadete e juvenil / Enseñanza-aprendizaje-entrenamiento de los medios tácticos defensivos individuales en balonmano para los infantiles, cadetes y juveniles / Teaching-learning-training of individual technical-tactical elements of handball for under-14, under-16 and under-18 teams

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar possibilidades para o ensino dos elementos técnico-táticos defensivos individuais do handebol nas categorias infantil, cadete e juvenil. Para isso, são discutidas as características inerentes ao desenvolvimento dos jogadores em cada etapa, assim como os aspectos que permeiam alguns dos elementos técnico-táticos defensivos individuais (como a marcação, a flutuação, a cobertura e a dissuasão) e os sistemas defensivos. Desta forma, foi possível verificar que o método situacional é importante para contemplar diferentes aspectos em cada categoria, por fornecer subsídios motores e cognitivos para o norteamento das tomadas de decisão dos defensores.

The aim of this work is to present possibilities for teaching handball’s individual technical-tactical defensive elements in under-14, under-16 and under-18 categories. For this, we discuss characteristics inherent in players’ development at each age group, as well as aspects pervading some individual technical-tactical defensive elements (such as marking, floating, coverage and dissuasion) and defensive systems. Thus, it was possible to see that the situational method is important for considering different aspects in each category since it provides motor and cognitive experiences for defenders’ decision-making.

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar las posibilidades para la enseñanza de los elementos técnico-tácticos defensivos individuales de balonmano en las categorías infantil, cadete y juvenil. Para ello se discuten las características inherentes al desarrollo de los jugadores en cada categoría, así como los aspectos que se relacionan con los elementos técnico-tácticos defensivos individuales (como el marcaje, la fluctuación, la cobertura y la disuasión) y los sistemas defensivos. Así, fue posible verificar que el método situacional es importante para contemplar diferentes aspectos en cada categoría al subsidiar los dominios motores y cognitivos de la toma de decisión de los defensores.

Half-ironman induces changes in the kidney function of triathletes.

Long duration exercise may lead to the occurrence of urine abnormalities. Aiming to investigate the effects of triathlon training and competition on the renal function, twelve male triathletes (32.60 ± 5.10 years, 175.04 ± 6.67m, 71.83 ± 7.42Kg) were studied during the 12-week training protocol and after a Half Ironman. Urine was collected in M-1 - beginning of the training season, M-2 - before the competition and M-3 - after the half ironman. Urine pH was measured using reagent strips, density with a refractometer, proteinuria by Bradford assay, creatinine with a colorimetric assay and blood cells by microscopy. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test (p < 0,05). Changes were found after the competition in the protein (M-1= 7.41 ± 2.48; M-2= 7.57 ± 3.74; M-3= 86.10 ± 76.21 mg/mL), creatinine (M-1= 157.66 ± 41.59; M-2= 177.68 ± 44.46; M-3= 316.46 ± 132.86 mg/mL), erythrocytes (M-1= 1060.00 ± 0.30; M-2= 1142.86 ± 377.96; M-3= 52555.56 ± 58.65 units/mL) and leucocytes (M-1= 2375.00 ± 744.02; M-2= 2090.00 ± 0.50; M-3= 5000.00 ± 2738.60 units/mL) excretion when compared to the other collection times. These effects are probably due to the exercise-induced modifications in the glomerular membrane and endocrine variables such as anti diuretic hormone, catecholamines and aldosterone.

Efeitos agudos do treinamento aeróbio sobre o desempenho da força musscular / Acute effects of aerobic training on the muscular strength performance

Investigou-­se as respostas agudas induzidas por uma série de treinamento aeróbio sobre o desempenho da força muscular. Para tal, atletas adultos realizaram uma sé­rie de trabalho aeróbio e, em seguida, executaram testes para inferir força explosiva e pico de torque de membros inferiores nas seguintes situações: em repouso, imediatamente após o trabalho aeróbio e depois de oito e 24 horas da realização do trabalho aeróbio. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que o trabalho aeróbio realizado durante 20 minutos, a uma intensidade de 90% do limiar lático, não prejudicou o desempenho da força muscular nos diferentes momentos de recuperação, ou seja, nessa intensidade e duração de corrida, não se verificou o fenômeno da interferência para as variáveis analisadas...

We investigated the acute effects of an aerobic training session on the skeletalmuscle strength performance. Adult athletes performed an aerobic training session followed by legs fast power and peak torque tests at rest, after the aerobic training session, after 8 and 24 hours after the aerobic training. From the results obtained, it was possible to verify that 20 minutes aerobic training at 90% of the aerobic threshold did not interfere in the muscle strength in any moments of recovery. It is possible to conclude that in this intensity and duration of aeribic training, the interference phenomenon was not observed in the studied variables...

Se investigaron las respuestas agudas inducidas por el entrenamiento aeróbico en el rendimiento de la fuerza muscular. Con este fin, los atletas adultos realizaron una serie de trabajos aeróbicos, y luego realizó pruebas para inferir la fuerza explosivade las extremidades inferiores en las siguientes situaciones: en reposo, inmediatamente después del trabajo aeróbico y después de ocho y 24 horas después de la finalizacióndel trabajo aeróbico. Basándose en estos resultados, se verificó que eltrabajo aeróbico realizó durante 20 minutos a una intensidad de 90% del umbral de lactato, no afecte al rendimiento de la recuperación muscular en momentos diferentes, es decir, la intensidad y la duración de esta ejecución, no fue el fenómenode la interferencia de las variables analizadas...

Treinamento de força de intensidade progressiva não altera a pressão arterial pós-exercício de idosos hipertensos / Strength training of progressive intensity does not alter post-exercise blood pressure of hypertensive elderly

Embora o interesse em estudar os efeitos dos exercícios de força na pressão arterial pós-exercício tenha aumentado, as pesquisas relacionados a esse assunto ainda são escassas na população de idosos hipertensos. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do treinamento de força de volume e intensidade progressiva, nas respostas da pressão arterial pós-exercício, em idosos hipertensos. A amostra foi composta por oito idosos de ambos os sexos, fisicamente ativos, controlados por medicação anti-hipertensiva. A pressão arterial foi verificada pelo método auscultatório antes e após uma sessão de exercícios de força, durante 60 minutos. O programa de treinamento utilizou cargas de trabalho submáximas, onde as intensidades de treinamento foram definidas por tentativa e erro, ajustadas de acordo com a dificuldade apresentada por cada indivíduo para completar o número de repetições planejadas. As intensidades foram definidas como: submáxima pesada, submáxima média e submáxima leve. A série submáxima pesada foi caracterizada como o peso máximo levantado suavemente, sem apneia e isometria, a série submáxima média e submáxima leve utilizou aproximadamente 75% e 50% da carga utilizada para realizar a série submáxima pesada, respectivamente. Os exercícios de força envolveram os principais músculos da parte superior e inferior do corpo, realizados na seguinte ordem: uma série de 12 repetições na intensidade submáxima leve, uma série de 10 repetições na intensidade submáxima média e duas séries de oito repetições na intensidade submáxima pesada, obedecendo ao intervalo de recuperação de 60 segundos entre as séries... Assim, os programas de treinamento de força de intensidade progressiva demonstram ser este um campo aberto a investigações, devido à carência de estudos e controvérsia existentes.

Although the interest in studying the effects of strength training in post-exercise blood pressure has increased, research related to this subject are scarce in hypertensive elderly The sample was composed of eight patients of both sexes, physically active, controlled by antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure was measured by auscultation before and after a session of strength exercises for 60 minutes. The training program used submaximal workloads, where the intensity of training were set by trial and error, adjusted according to the difficulty presented by each individual to complete the number of repetitions planned. The intensities were defined as submaximal heavy submaximal and light submaximal average. The series submaximal heavy been characterized as the maximum weight lifted smoothly without apnea and isometry, the average number submaximal, slightly submaximal, and used approximately 75% and 50% of the load range used to perform the heavy submaximal respectively. Strength exercises involving the major muscles of the upper and lower body, performed in the following order: a series of 12 repetitions at light submaximalintensity, a series of 10 repetitions at submaximal average and two series of eight repetitions at heavy submaximal, following the recovery interval of 60 seconds between sets. The results showed no elevations or decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after a session of strength training volume and gradually intensity. So the strength training programs of intensity progressively, proving to be an open field for investigation, due to the lack of existing studies and controversy.

Análise da suplementação de carboidratos e solução isotônica sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de jogadores profissionais de futebol em condições reais de treinamento / Analysis of carbohydrate supplementation and isotonic solution hematological and biochemical parameters on professional soccer players in real training / El análisis de los suplementos de hidratos de carbono en solución isotónica y parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos de jugadores profesionales de fútbol en entrenamiento real

Avaliou-se o efeito de uma suplementação com carboidratos e bebidas esportivas sobre parâmetros laboratoriais em atletas de futebol de campo, em uma situação real de treinamento. Foram coletados 10 ml de sangue venoso e 50 ml de urina em repouso e 15 minutos após treinamento. Os resultados mostram que o exercício intenso causou um variável grau de estase urinária, bem como provocou alterações hidroeletrolíticas caracterizadas por uma diminuição na concentração sérica de sódio, potássio, magnésio, fósforo e glicose (p<0,05), que não foi modificada por nenhum tipo de protocolo de suplementação nas condições propostas no presente estudo. A suplementação eletrolítica proposta mostrou-se limitada para evitar variações eletrolíticas e que a reposição deve ser avaliada à luz de um contexto ambiental e de treinamento.

The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of supplementation with carbohydrate sports drinks and laboratory parameters in athletes on the football field, in a real training. 10 ml of venous blood and 50 ml of urine were collected at rest and 15 minutes after training. The results show that intense exercise caused a variable degree of urinary stasis and electrolyte changes caused by a marked decrease in serum sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and glucose (p <0.05), which was not modified by any type of supplementation protocol under the conditions proposed in this study. The proposed electrolyte supplementation was shown to be limited to prevent electrolyte variations and that the recovery must be evaluated in light of an environmental and training context.

Se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con una bebida deportiva con carbohidratos y los parámetros de laboratorio en los atletas en el campo de fútbol, en un entrenamiento real. Se recogieron 10 ml de sangre venosa y 50 ml de orina en reposo y 15 minutos después del entrenamiento. Los resultados muestran que el ejercicio intenso causado un grado variable de la estasis urinaria y los cambios de electrolitos causados por una marcada disminución de niveles séricos de sodio, potasio, magnesio, fósforo y glucosa (p <0,05), que no fue modificado por cualquier tipo de protocolo de suplementación en las condiciones propuestas en este estudio. La suplementación de electrolitos propuesta demostró ser limitada para evitar las variaciones de los electrolitos y que la recuperación debe ser evaluada a la luz de un entorno ambiental y de entrenamiento.

Fidedignidade do questionário puberal simplificado de Cameron / Reliability of the Cameron’s simplified puberal questionnaire

No campo biológico, a exatidão matemática não se aplica. Entretanto a utilização de recursos psicométricos na seleção de instrumentos tenta minimizar erros de medidas e interpretações equivocadas das respostas biológicas. A adolescência é marcada por rápidas e variadas alterações no domínio cognitivo, afetivos e psicomotor, explicados em parte pela maturação. Mas essa medida “precisa ser” prática, fácil e de forma não invasiva. A proposta do questionário puberal simplificado de Cameron parece uma alternativa que atende a esses pressupostos básicos. Na literatura pesquisas que demonstrem autenticidade ou veracidade deste instrumento são quase inexistentes, assim o objetivo do estudo foiverificar a fidedignidade e consistência interna das questões do questionário puberal simplificado proposto por Cameron. Uma amostra composta de 43 sujeitos de ambos os sexos (16 rapazes e 27 moças) com idades entre 10 e 18 anos respondeu ao questionário. Duas aplicações foram feitas com um intervalo de uma semana. A fidedignidade foi estimada pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach e a consistência interna de cada questão foi calculada pelo coeficiente Kappa. O nível de fidedignidade resultou na classificação considerada "muito alta" (0,97) entre as duas aplicações do questionário, além de boa consistência interna (0,59 a 1,00) para cada pergunta do questionário. Os resultados foram semelhantes para os sexos e idades dos sujeitos envolvidos. Desta forma, o questionário proposto por Cameron mostrou ser um instrumento fidedigno para classificação maturacional, podendo ser recomendado como um método não invasivo, rápido e prático para avaliação e classificação de maturidade sexual em indivíduos jovens de ambos os sexos.

In the biological field, the mathematical accuracy does not apply. However the use of resources in the selection of psychometric instruments tries to minimize measurement errors and misinterpretations of biological responses. Adolescence is marked by rapid and various cognitive, affective and psychomotor changes, which are in part explained by maturation. But this measurement instrument “must be” practical, easy and noninvasive way. Cameron proposed a simplified puberal questionnaire as an alternative to answers these basic assumptions. In the literature, so far no study demonstrated authenticity or accuracy of this instrument. Then, the purpose of this study was to verify the internal consistency and reliability of Cameron’s simplified puberal questionnaire. The sample was composed by 43 children and adolescents (16 boys and 27 girls) aging between 7 and 18 years. The subjects answered the Cameron’s Maturational Classification Questionnaire twice, with an interval of one week. The reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the internal consistency of each question was calculated using Kappa coefficient. The reliability level was considered "very high" (0.97) between the two applications of the questionnaire as well as internal consistence (0.59 to 1.00) for each question of the questionnaire. The values were similar for both sexes and all ages of the subjects. Finally, the questionnaire proposed by Cameron proved to be a reliable instrument for maturational classification and can be recommended as a noninvasive, fast and convenient for evaluation and classification of sexual maturity in young individuals of both sexes.

Influência do trabalho intermitente máximo de curta duração sobre o desempenho aeróbio / The influence of the maximum intermittent training of short duration on the aerobic performance

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o desempenho aeróbio de sujeitos submetidos a um programa de treinamento intermitente máximo de curta duração. Para tal catorze sujeitos realizaram uma bateria de testes e passaram por um programa de treinamento intermitente máximo de curta duração durante oito semanas. A bateria de testes consistiu de determinação do limiar ventilatório e do VO2pico com o auxílio do analisador de gases VO2000 realizado em um cicloergômetro mecânico. A fim de comparar o comportamento das variáveis foi utilizado o teste “t” de student para amostras pareadas, utilizando como nível de significância p≤0,05. Por meio da análise dos dados foi possível verificar que estímulos anaeróbios intensos também foram capazes de provocar modificações na condição aeróbia como pode ser observado na melhora do consumo de oxigênio de pico e na eficiência do músculo cardíaco, indicado pelo comportamento do duplo produto, dos sujeitos submetidos ao programa de treinamento.

The aim of this study was to analyze the aerobic performance of individuals who were submitted to a program of maximum intermittent training of short duration. For such investigation, fourteen subjects performed a set of tests, accomplishing a program of maximum intermittent training of short duration for eight weeks. Those tests consisted of the determination of the ventilatory threshold and the VO2max, using the gas analyzer VO2000. In order to compare the status of the variables, it was applied the student “t” test for paired samples, using p<0,05 as the significance level. By means of the data analysis, it was possible to verify that intense anaerobic stimulus could also provoke modifications in the aerobic condition, as it was observed in the improvement of the peak oxygen consumption and in the efficiency of the cardiac muscle, indicated by the behavior of the double product, of the individuals who were submitted to the training program.